Ch 6 Test Flashcard

Ch 6 Test

Environmental Challenges Essay Example

Environmental Challenges Essay Example Environmental Challenges Paper Environmental Challenges Paper Tenochtitlan was a city in which the Gods of his polytheistic civilization told them they must settle. Tenochtitlan is an island in the middle of Lake Texcoco. This created environmental challenges for the Aztecs. The Aztecs had to build a large civilization with this island that had limited space. These people needed a lot Of room to farm, but there was very minimal space to do this. If there was not a lot of farmland, it would lead to a limited supply of food. There was also a limited amount of freshwater. Freshwater was necessary because the Aztecs needed clean, fresh water to drink. Since Tenochtitlan was an island in the middle of a lake, there was only so much water in which they could actually drink because half of the lake contained salt water. Limited trade and travel made it difficult to get off the island and be in contact with other people. Aztec civilization was also in need of people for human sacrifices. They did not want to kill their own people so they needed to find a way to get off the island and out of Lake Texcoco. The Aztec civilization overcame its environmental challenges. Since their civilization was on Tenochtitlan, an island, in Lake Texcoco, there was limited ravel and trade. To overcome this challenge, Aztecs built canals and causeways. A causeway is simply a road that is built over water and wet land. This allowed the people to get off Tenochtitlan and onto regular land where they could now travel to different places and trade their goods with other tribes. To eliminate the little amount of food in Tenochtitlan, farmers planted crops like maize in the lakes bottom. These plants were called Chinampas. A Chinampa is created when dirt is piled in rafts and anchored to the bottom of a lake. Chinampas are commonly referred to as floating gardens. ople would be conquered by the Aztecs which caused the Aztecs to obtain more land and food for their people. So they would have as much freshwater as possible, the Aztecs built dykes to divide the lakes freshwater and salt water. Aqueducts were also built to transport freshwater into the city. An aqueduct is a man-made channel that is used to transfer water. Lastly, the Aztecs would take other tribes prisoner. They did this because they needed people for human sacrifices. Human sacrifice occurs when a civilization kills people because of that civilizations religious beliefs. The Incas faced many environmental challenges due to the fact that they lived in the Andes Mountains. The Andes Mountains were very steep. Some of the mountain ranges did not have great soil and they could not plant their crops. For the crops they did have in the areas with good soil, it was very difficult to get the water needed to them. The mountainous land in which messengers had to cross made it difficult for the Inca. They had to cross over the mountains, deserts, and water. The messengers had enough trouble already since they have to run the whole way until they can stop. They would stop at the next station and pass the message on to the next person, similar to a relay. These messages needed to be delivered because if a person living in Cuzco, the Inca capital, needed to send a message to someone in the northern part of the empire, in modern day Ecuador, there would be no way to communicate. The Andes Mountains were not smooth and flat therefore, it was hard to transport goods. The Inca needed to find a way to transport their things, like potatoes and maize, which was easier than carrying everything a little bit at a time. The Inca civilization overcame its environmental challenges. Since some of the Andes Mountains had good soil for farming, the Inca used terrace farming. Terrace farming is when you cut flat steps into the side of hills or mountains to grow crops. This type of farming gave the people flat farming area so they could plant their crops. The most common crop to the Inca was the potato. It was hard to bring the water to the Incas crops since they were located on the mountainsides. Irrigation systems had to be built so the crops could grow. The Incas grew so much food that there was a surplus of food nd everyone in the civilization was able to eat. Communication was very hard during this civilization. Messengers had to run across the Andes, cross water, and cross deserts. To make this easier for them, women would tie rope bridges together and when they were finished and stable, they would be able to cross over these geographic features quickly and easily. The messages the messengers carried was known as a quipu. A quipu is a device that was used for recording information and consisted Of various threads and knots. The knots were tied in different ways. The number and position of knots as well as the color of each thread represented information about commercial goods and resources. Lastly, it had been difficult to transport all of the Incas goods. They would use llamas to help them with this. Since the llamas lived in the Andes, they could manage to walk on the steep and jagged mountains. The Incas would place things on the llamas back and it would then be brought wherever it needed to go. Two civilizations that overcame their environmental challenges are the Aztecs and Lake Texcoco and the Incas and the Andes Mountains. Civilizations ave often been provided with geographic problems that they have to overcome. An environmental challenge is a problem many civilizations face because the environment creates difficulties for their people. Environmental challenges may cause extreme difficulties at first, but after a civilization develops over time, they can find a way to overcome these obstacles. A civilization may develop in the middle of a lake, but roads can be built to overcome this. When a civilization develops in a mountain range, farmers can make steps in the mountains and use its soil to provide food for its entire population.

Why is child obesity on the rise Research Paper

Why is child obesity on the rise - Research Paper Example BMI is a measurement that compares a person’s weight and height. Children suffering from obesity experience medical and psychological effects. Children suffering from obesity are more likely to suffer from type II diabetes, heart diseases, sleep apnea, pancreatic complications, asthma and liver problems. Obese children may suffer from depression, low self esteem and emotional eating. Medical and psychological problems may interfere with academic progress as well as successful transition of children from childhood to adulthood. Furthermore, parents or guardians of obese children spent a lot of money to treat illness associated with obesity. It is because of the above reasons that World Health Organization has declared obesity as a public health global epidemic that must be contained. The number of children suffering from obesity in Central Valley of California is increasing. According to the research conducted by The Central Valley Health Policy Institute at California State Un iversity, obesity in the valley is higher than average obesity rates in the whole of California. The prevalence rate of children suffering from obesity in Central valley has more than tripled in the recent times. According to Rivera (2005), Central Valley has the highest percentage of overweight children at 42 percent. Increased rates of obesity in the Central Valley is attributed to higher levels of poverty, limited access to healthy food and reduced opportunities for physical activities. There are various interventions that have been made by schools, department of health and community based organization to reduce the incidence of obesity in children. The interventions include increased provision of vegetables and fruits as well as increased physical activities in children among others. These interventions must be increased in scope and intensity to be more effective to reduce psychological, medical and economic challenges that will interfere with children, parents and community at large. 2.0 Historical Context World Health Organization claimed that obesity is leading cause of preventable death as well as disability globally. Obesity is also linked with increasing number of chronic diseases. Obesity was rare before twentieth century. World Health organization recognized obesity as a global epidemic in 1997. In 2005, World Health Organization estimated that about four hundred million adults were obese. This is about 9.8 percent of the global adult population. Obesity rates increases as people get older. Obesity rates are severe with people above fifty years in the United States, Canada and Australia. However, more children are diagnosed with obesity each passing day. Obesity is a medical condition where a child accumulates excess fats in the body. Obese children are overweight with body mass index above 30. According to WHO (2004), Body Mass Index (BMI) indicate weather a person is underweight, normal weight, overweight or obese. A child is underweight if BMI is less than 18.50, normal weight BMI is between 18.50 - 24.99, overweight BMI is 25.00 - 29.99 and obese children have BMI of 30.00 and above (refer to table 1). Obesity is a serious health issue because it causes untold suffering to the children and increases the cost of treatment. Ogden et al (20101) revealed that preschool children between two and five years suffering from obesity increased from 5 percent to 10.4 percent from 1980 to 2008.

Analyzing Pro Forma Statements Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Analyzing Pro Forma Statements - Assignment Example The essay "Analyzing Pro-forma Statement" talks about the financial forecasting methods that can be applicable for ABC Ltd to significantly reduce wastage of financial resources. The new initiative would be to market another product of the company. This would lead to an increase in the company’s sales over the forecasted period. Due to increased number of sales, the net fixed assets by the acquisition of new machinery to increase production will also increase. For current assets, an increase in sales will be as a result of increased stock of raw materials, work in progress and finished goods. An increase in credit sales will also increase debtors while more cash will be required to buy more inventories in cash. The retained earnings will also increase with sales if the firm is operating at a profit. The current liabilities will increase because the increased sales will lead to the purchase of more inventories. Long term capital items such as common stock and additional paid-in capital will not change or increase because they are not directly impacted by an increase in sales as they are always used to finance long-term projects. For ABC Ltd, the assumption of marketing of a new product will result in an increase in sales by 20%. The other items affected will also increase by the same percentage. The property, plant and equipment will increase due to the increased capacity and hence will use up capital. The sources of capital will the increase in accounts receivables and other liabilities and the cash.

Foam Stored Pressure Fire Extinguisher Essay Example for Free

Foam Stored Pressure Fire Extinguisher Essay Introduction The fire extinguisher is a portable device used to put out fires of limited size. Such fires are grouped into four classes, according to the type of material that is burning. Class A fires include those in which ordinary combustibles such as wood, cloth, and paper are burning. Class B fires are those in which flammable liquids, oils, and grease are burning. Class C fires are those involving live electrical equipment. Class D fires involve combustible metals such as magnesium, potassium, and sodium. Each class of fire requires its own type of fire extinguisher. Foam extinguishers use an aqueous film forming foam (AFFF) agent that expels a layer of foam when it is discharged through a nozzle. It acts as a barrier to prevent oxygen from feeding the fire. Although each class of fire has a specific extinguisher, the foam extinguisher is useful for both Class A and Class B fires; however, it is best suited for Class B. This description explains to the general homeowner the structure, assembly, and operating principle of the foam fire extinguisher. Fire extinguishers come in many sizes depending on the preference of the buyer. Foam fire extinguishers consist of a metal cylinder filled with an aqueous film forming foam usually under pressure of some form of non-flammable gas. A siphon tube directs the foam up through an assembly consisting of a handle and operating lever, which is secured during any period of non-use by a safety pin. The operating lever, when depressed, allows the foam to spray out of a hose connected to the siphon tube. Most extinguishers are replaced after a single use in order to assure dependability and to lessen the possibility of malfunction. The foam fire extinguisher contains five interlocking parts: *Safety pin *Handle *Hose *Operating lever *Siphon tube (See Figure 1 on following page) Figure 1 Parts of a foam stored pressure fire extinguisher. Description and Function of Parts Handle. The handle is usually a solid, unmovable piece of metal that stretches horizontally above the cylinder. Attached securely to the metal cylinder, the handle is the part by which the fire extinguisher is meant to be carried and held while in use. Operating Lever. The operating lever is connected to the handle above and to the siphon tube below. After the safety pin has been removed, the operating handle can be depressed, allowing the foam inside to be released into the hose. Safety Pin. The safety pin is constructed of a durable metal and is intended to keep the operating lever from being depressed while not in use. The pin is intended to be removed before any use of the fire extinguisher. Hose. The hose is a piece of rubber tube approximately two to three feet in length. The hose is connected to the siphon tube through the operating lever. When the lever is depressed, it is through the hose that the foam is allowed to escape. During use, the operator must hold the hose in order to direct the foam spray. Siphon Tube. The siphon tube is a stainless steel rod approximately the same length as the cylinder. Located inside the metal cylinder, the siphon tube is connected to the operating lever. When the lever is depressed, the foam is powered up the tube by the pressurized gas and expelled through the hose. Metal Container. The metal container containing the extinguishing foam varies in size depending on how much liquid it holds. The typical household fire extinguisher usually contains approximately 2 liters of foam. The cylinder is constructed of several layers (See Figure 1). The outer layers are usually thin layers of fire resistant sheets. In the middle, the bulk of the cylinder is made of steel. The innermost layer is a thin sheet of aluminum that separates the steel core from the foam inside the container. Summary and Operating Description As described, the foam stored pressure fire extinguisher is quite simple in its design. Constructed from parts intended to make the extinguisher easy to use and also to allow the extinguisher to be safely kept in any household, the foam stored fire extinguisher is a necessary part of every home. For safe recognition, all fire extinguisher use picture/labeling to designate which types of fires they are to be used on. Most fire extinguishers are labeled with colored geometrical shapes with letter designations. Although the foam stored pressure fire extinguisher can be used on both Class A and Class B fires, it is best used for Class B; therefore, it is most likely to be only labeled with the Class B shape and letter designation (Figure 2). However, some companies place both Class A (Figure 3) and Class B descriptions on the cylinder allowing users to know that it can be used for both classes of fires. Figure 3 Class A fire labels. (Crown Fire Equipment) Figure 3 Class B fire labels. (Crown Fire Equipment) In the case of a Class A or B fire involving combustibles (such as wood, cloth, or paper) or liquids (such as oil or grease) the foam fire extinguisher is very useful. In an operating cycle, the fire extinguisher is picked up and held by the solid handle. After the safety pin is removed, the operating handle is depressed, allowing the foam inside the metal container to flow up the siphon tube and out of the hose to extinguish the fire.

The American Civil War was Unavoidable Essay -- American history, econ

If one thing is clear from studying early American history, it is that the Civil War was an unavoidable tragedy. Often, hindsight allows us to recognize those points at which history could have taken a different direction, if only some person or thing were different in some way. This is not the case with the American Civil War. Four factors support the notion of inevitability. This paper will explore the way that economics, previous compromises, changing social mores and values, and the nature of politics laid a foundation for the continued regional conflict which eventually resulted in the Civil War. The economic aspects often come in second to morality when discussing slavery in the South’s plantation economy, but they are worth considering as they are fundamental to why slavery as an institution became so hard to dismantle. Slavery kept plantations partially immune from market fluctuations. Having no labor costs allowed the Southern, less diversified economy to be competitive with the North and European countries. For this reason, slavery became a crucial factor in keeping many industries viable and profitable, including primary and secondary manufacturing, transportation, shipping, and public sector jobs such as infrastructure construction (Starobin, 1970). The South’s financial success was built on a foundation of slave labor, and for this reason, the government had an incentive for the active promotion and protection of slavery. Laws were written to help maintain the institution because without it, the economy would likely have faltered significantly. Early c olonial laws such as the Navigation Acts gave slavery conditions under which it thrived and grew (Post, 1982). The Constitution’s Three-Fifths clause was a... ...continue in this country and around the world to this day. Works Cited History Detectives. (n.d.). Web. 10 Nov. 2015. http://www.pbs.org/opb/historydetectives/feature/causes-of-the-civil-war/ Justice. (n.d.). Web. 10 Nov. 2015. http://academic.udayton.edu/race/03justice/aalaws01.htm Post, C. (1982). The American road to capitalism. New Left Review, 133(1), 30-51. Roark, J.L., Johnson, M. P., Cohen, P. C., Stage, S., Lawson, A., Hartmann, S. M. (2009). The American Promise: A History of the United States to 1877. Boston, MA: Bedford/St. Martin’s. Starobin, R. (1970). The economics of Slavery in the Old South. The Business History Review, Vol. 44 (2). 131-174.http://www.jstor.org/stable/3112351 Trigger events of the Civil War. (n.d.). Web. 10 Nov. 2015. http://www.civilwar.org/education/history/civil-war-overview/triggerevents.html

Chain of Command Informed

The reason it is important to keep your chain of command informed is because when you are in the military you never know what any one person might need you for and you are a solider ours a day 7 days a week 365 days a year. A few of the other reasons are the chain of command mite need to contact you because your unit is being activated in which case you will have to show up with all of the bags and whatever else they tell you to bring in at a certain place at a certain time.Another reason is you may have to take a pips test in which case you will have to show up at a retain place at a certain time. One of the biggest reasons you have to keep you chain of command informed is because of accountability your chain of command must have 100 percent accountability of all the soldiers assigned to them at all times. You must also keep your chain of command informed incase a solider comes up missing so they know that it is not you.Another big reason you must keep you chain of command informed is because if the unit gets a red cross message for you they have to know were you are and be able to get a hold of you no matter what because if your nit gets a red cross message then It Is normally something real serious it could h/ death in your family or a family member severely ill an you need to get home as soon as possible to comfort your other family members/Also because if you are stationed in Germany or any of the other countries outside the united states that the united states army has a base at you are always at a higher threat level then army bases In the unites states so their for If something ever happens to a solider out side of the army base you are stationed on your chain of command needs to know that It Isn't you an they wont have the time to run around an look for you. 4th Is also Important to keep your chain of command Informed because If a sensitive Items comes up missing then no one can go any were till the sensitive Item Is found. Those are some of the reason s that you must keep your chain of command Informed of your whereabouts at all times. The definition of Dereliction of duty Is a specific offense under United States Code Title 10,892. Article 92 and applies to all branches of the US military. A service member who Is derelict has willfully refused to perform his duties (or follow a given order) or has Incapacitated himself In such a way that he cannot perform his duties.Incapacitation Includes falling asleep while on-duty; getting drunk and being unable to perform his duties; or vacating his post contrary to regulations. Article 92 also applies to service members whose acts or omissions rise result In criminally negligent behavior Reasons It Is Important to Keep Your Chain of Command Informed By unimpassioned unit gets a red cross message then it is normally something real serious it could h/ states army has a base at you are always at a higher threat level then army bases in the unites states so their for if something ever happens to a solider out side of the army base you are stationed on your chain of command needs to know that it isn't you an they wont have the time to run around an look for you. T is also important to keep your chain of command informed because if a sensitive items comes up missing hen no one can go any were till the sensitive item is found. Those are some of the reasons that you must keep your chain of command informed of your whereabouts at all times. The definition of Dereliction of duty is a specific offense under United States member who is derelict has willfully refused to perform his duties (or follow a given order) or has incapacitated himself in such a way that he cannot perform his duties. Incapacitation includes falling asleep while on-duty; getting drunk and being unable applies to service members whose acts or omissions rise result in criminally